#1. 我们所说的“Spring”指的是什么

The term "Spring" means different things in different contexts. It can be used to refer to the Spring Framework project itself, which is where it all started. Over time, other Spring projects have been built on top of the Spring Framework.
of "Spring"这个术语在不同的语境中有不同的含义。它可以用来指代 Spring 框架项目本身，也就是一切开始的地方。随着时间的推移，其他 Spring 项目都是建立在 Spring 框架之上的。
Most often, when people say "Spring", they mean the entire family of projects. This reference documentation focuses on the foundation: the Spring Framework itself.
通常情况下，当人们提到“Spring”时，他们指的是整个项目家族。本参考文档专注于基础：Spring 框架本身。

The Spring Framework is divided into modules. Applications can choose which modules they need. At the heart are the modules of the core container, including a configuration model and a dependency injection mechanism.
Spring 框架分为模块。应用程序可以选择它们需要的模块。核心是核心容器模块，包括配置模型和依赖注入机制。
Beyond that, the Spring Framework provides foundational support for different application architectures, including messaging, transactional data and persistence, and web.
除此之外，Spring 框架为不同的应用架构提供基础支持，包括消息传递、事务数据和持久化以及 Web。
It also includes the Servlet-based Spring MVC web framework and, in parallel, the Spring WebFlux reactive web framework.
它还包括基于 Servlet 的 Spring MVC Web 框架，以及并行的 Spring WebFlux 反应式 Web 框架。

A note about modules: Spring’s framework jars allow for deployment to JDK 9’s module path ("Jigsaw").
关于模块的说明：Spring 框架的 jar 文件允许部署到 JDK 9 的模块路径（"Jigsaw"）。
For use in Jigsaw-enabled applications, the Spring Framework 5 jars come with "Automatic-Module-Name" manifest entries which define stable language-level module names ("spring.core", "spring.context", etc.) independent from jar artifact names (the jars follow the same naming pattern with "-" instead of ".", e.g. "spring-core" and "spring-context").
用于 Jigsaw 启用应用程序，Spring 框架 5 的 jar 文件包含“Automatic-Module-Name”清单条目，这些条目定义了独立于 jar 工件名称的稳定语言级别模块名称（例如“spring.core”，“spring.context”等），这些 jar 文件遵循相同的命名模式，但用“-”代替“.”（例如“spring-core”和“spring-context”）。
Of course, Spring’s framework jars keep working fine on the classpath on both JDK 8 and 9+.
当然，Spring 框架的 jar 包在 JDK 8 和 9+的类路径上都能正常工作。